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@#For the quality control of cetomacrogol 1000, a gas chromatographic method for the determination of residual impurities in cetomacrogol 1000, such as ethylene oxide, 1, 4-dioxane, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol, was established and validated.The DB-1 column with headspace injection was used to detect ethylene oxide and 1, 4-dioxane with the inlet temperature of 150 °C, the FID temperature of 250 °C, the headspace equilibration temperature of 70 °C and the equilibration time of 45 min.The VF-17MS column with liquid injection was used to detect ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol with the inlet temperature of 270 °C, and the FID temperature of 290 °C.The results showed that ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane have a good linearity within their specified addition amount ranges (r > 0.999), with the RSD of precision of below 8.0% and the average recovery rates of 90.6% and 101.2%; and that ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol also have a good linearity between 3 ? 60 μg/mL (r > 0.999), with the RSD of precision of below 3.0%, and the recovery rates of 96% ~ 103%.The method established in this study has good specificity, linearity, precision and recovery rate, which can effectively detect the multi-component and trace impurities.
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Monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-
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Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a phenolic acid found in many plant extracts. It is used as aflavoring and scent agent and produces a pleasant, creamy odor. It is widely used in many applications for therapeuticpurposes to flavoring agent. Molecularly imprinted polymers of vanillic acid were synthesized by precipitationpolymerization with a noncovalent approach for the extraction from blood serum. Three different imprinted polymershave been synthesized with varying molar ratio of monomer. The synthesized polymer particles were characterizedusing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The extraction efficiency of highlyselected imprinted polymer of vanillic acid from spiked blood serum was about 80%.
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Toxic alcohols can produce severe poisoning with multiple organic involvement and even death. The most common form is ethylene glycol. The diagnosis can be extremely difficult if there is no history of its consumption. Its clinical presentation can simulate other conditions. Ethylene glycol poisoning is characterized by an initial rise in plasma osmolal gap that decreases during the evolution, while alcohol is metabolized to acids. This last condition causes a metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap. The clinical manifestations are diffuse neurological involvement initially, followed by hemodynamic alterations due to myocardial damage associated with hypocalcemia and acidemia. Subsequently, severe tubular renal damage appears, which may require renal replacement therapy, and finally, focal neurological alterations. To treat this poisoning, it is necessary to inhibit the transformation of alcohol into acids, increase the metabolism of the latter or withdraw them directly with hemodialysis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Poisoning/diagnosis , Poisoning/physiopathology , Poisoning/therapy , Ethylene Glycols/poisoningABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to perform a systematic review to identify the most frequent uses of PLA/ PGA in alveolar bone regeneration and their results. A study was designed to answer the question: What are the most frequent uses of PLA/PLGA and their copolymers in alveolar bone regeneration?. A systematic search was done on MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS from April 1993 to December 2017. The search string used on MEDLINE was: (((polylactic acid) OR PLA) OR PLA-based copolymers) OR PLA blends) OR PLA scaffolds)) AND ((("Bone Regeneration"[Mesh]) OR bone regeneration) OR guided bone regeneration). The search was complemented by a manual review of the references from the articles included. Most of the studies selected were weak and, regarding the most frequent uses of PLA/PGA, 13 studies used it as a resorbable membrane, two as an absorbable mesh, one as an absorbable screw and three as filling material. Based on our results, the authors consider that PLA/PGA requires a delicate relation between the mechanical resistance and the degradation process. PLA/PGA does not interrupt bone regeneration; however, the influence in cellular events related to bone regeneration and later osseointegration have not been identified.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta revisión fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar los usos más frecuentes de PLA/PGA en regeneración ósea en área maxilofacial y sus resultados. Se diseñó un estudio para responder a la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los usos más frecuentes de PLA/PLGA y sus copolímeros en regeneración ósea en el sector maxilofacial?. Los estudios seleccionados fueron en su mayoría débiles y sobre los usos más frecuentes de PLA/PGA, 13 estudios lo utilizaron como membrana reabsorbible, 2 estudios como malla absorbible, un estudio como tornillo absorbible y 3 estudios como material de relleno. En base a nuestros resultados, los autores estiman que PLA/PGA requiere una delicada relación entre la resistencia mecánica que ofrece y la degradación que se produce; PLA/ PGA no interrumpe la regeneración ósea, sin embargo, no se ha identificado la potencialidad o influencia que presenta en los eventos celulares de la regeneración y posterior oseointegración.
Subject(s)
Humans , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Dental Implants , Alveolar Bone Loss/surgery , Bone Substitutes , Alveolar Ridge Augmentation/methods , Bone Regeneration , Bone TransplantationABSTRACT
Background: The search for innovative anti-tubercular agents has received increasing attention in tuberculosis chemotherapy because Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has steadily increased over the years. This underlines the necessity for new methods of preparation for polymer-drug adducts to treat this important infectious disease. The use of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) is an alternative producing anti-tubercular derivatives. However, it is not yet known whether PEGylated isonicotinylhydrazide conjugates obtained by direct links with PEG are useful for therapeutic applications. Results: Here, we synthesized a PEGylated isoniazid (PEG-g-INH or PEGINH) by gamma radiation-induced polymerization, for the first time. The new prodrugs were characterized using Raman and UV/Vis spectrometry. The mechanism of PEGylated INH synthesis was proposed. The in vitro evaluation of a PEGylated isonicotinylhydrazide macromolecular prodrug was also carried out. The results indicated that PEGINH inhibited the bacterial growth above 95% as compared with INH, which showed a lower value (80%) at a concentration of 0.25 µM. Similar trends are observed for 0.1, 1, and 5 µM. Conclusions: In summary, the research suggests that it is possible to covalently attach the PEG onto INH by the proposed method and to obtain a slow-acting isoniazid derivative with little toxicity in vitro and higher antimycobacterial potency than the neat drug.
Subject(s)
Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Isoniazid/chemistry , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Antitubercular Agents/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology , Polymers , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , In Vitro Techniques , Prodrugs , Polymerization , Gamma Rays , Isoniazid/pharmacology , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-block-glycidyl methacrylate (PEGMA-GMA), was prepared on glass substrate by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), and endothelial specific peptide Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) was immobilized at the end of the PEGMA-GMA polymer brush by ring opening reaction through the rich epoxy groups in the GMA. The structure and hydrophilicity of the polymer brushes were characterized by static water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the REDV modified copolymer brushes were successfully constructed on the glass substrates. The REDV peptide immobilized onto surface was quantitatively characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The blood compatibility of the coating was characterized by recalcification time and platelet adhesion assay. The results showed that the polymer coating had good blood compatibility. The multifunctional active polymer coating with PEGMA and peptide produced an excellent prospect in surface construction with endothelial cells selectivity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biocompatible Materials , Cells, Cultured , Endothelial Cells , Glass , Immobilized Proteins , Methacrylates , Oligopeptides , Platelet Adhesiveness , Polyethylene Glycols , Polymers , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
@#The gas chromatography method was developed for the determination of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol in poloxamer 188 to provide scientific basis for the quality control. The samples was separated on column VF-17ms(30 m×0. 53 mm, 1. 0 μm)with temperature programming, inlet temperature was 270 °C, detector temperature was 290 °C and the split ratio was 10 ∶1. The method showed great linearity over the range of 6-15 μg/mL(r≥0. 999). The injection precision(n=8)of the three residual impurities were 3. 3%, 3. 0%, 2. 3% and the average recoveries were 99. 05%(RSD=2. 9%, n=9), 102. 20%(RSD=4. 0%, n=9), 101. 91%(RSD=3. 1%, n=9), respectively. The analytical method is specific, accurate and sensitive, which is suitable for the determination of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol in poloxamer 188, providing reference and guidance for the production and quality control of poloxamer 188.
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Objective@#To development of ethylene glycol samples in silicone tubes, and the samples were applied to inter-laboratory comparison, through it to evaluate the detection capacity of occupational health testing laboratories.@*Methods@#Three content levels of ethylene glycol samples in silicone tubes were prepared, and the homogeneity and stability of samples were investigated, the results were statistically analyzed. A robust statistical four-point distance method was used to calculate the results submitted by each participant laboratory and the test capability of the laboratory was assessed by the z-score method.@*Results@#The statistic of the homogeneity of ethylene glycol samples in silicone tubes were less than the critical value (P>0.05) , and the samples were stable at room temperature for one month. The satisfactory rate of comparison between 204 laboratories was 88.24%.@*Conclusion@#The homogeneity and stability of the ethylene glycol samples in the silicone tubes can meet the requirements of proficiency testing and can be used for laboratory comparison. Most of the laboratories that participated in the comparison had the ability to detect ethylene glycol.
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SUMMARY: Origanum vulgare Linn has traditionally been used as a diuretic and antispasmodic. Therefore, we investigated the active extract of Origanum vulgare for possible andrological effect and preventive effects against testicular damage using ethylene glycol rat model of testicular damage, to rationalize its medicinal use. Male Wistar rats received lithogenic treatment comprising of 0.75 % ethylene glycol injection twice with one day interval, then in drinking water, active extract of Origanum vulgare treatment (20 mg/kg) was given for 3 weeks to prevent toxic damage including loss of body weight gain and appetite, Following oral administration of EGME, a rapid decrease in testis weight associated with testicular cell damage was observed. Origanum vulgare treatment (20 mg/kg) prevented as well as reversed toxic changes including loss of body weight gain.
RESUMEN: Origanum vulgare Linn se ha usado tradicionalmente como diurético y antiespasmódico. Por lo tanto, investigamos el extracto activo de Origanum vulgare por su posible efecto andrológico y efectos preventivos contra el daño testicular utilizando el modelo de rata de etilenglicol de daño testicular. El objetivo del estudio fue racionalizar su uso medicinal. Su utilizaron ratas Wistar macho que recibieron un tratamiento litogénico de una inyección de etilenglicol al 0,75 %, dos veces con un intervalo de un día, y luego se administró en agua potable. Se administró el extracto activo del tratamiento con Origanum vulgare (20 mg / kg) durante 3 semanas con el objetivo de prevenir el daño tóxico, la pérdida de peso corporal y el apetito. Tras la administración oral de EGME, se observó una rápida disminución del peso de los testículos asociada al daño de las células testiculares. El tratamiento con Origanum vulgare (20 mg / kg) logró prevenir y revertir las alteraciones tóxicas, incluyendo la pérdida de peso corporal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Testis/drug effects , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Origanum/chemistry , Ethylene Glycols/toxicity , Testicular Diseases/prevention & control , Testis/pathology , Rats, Wistar , Protective AgentsABSTRACT
Hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesized using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker and investigated for controlled delivery of the common anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBF). To regulate the drug delivery, solid inclusion complexes (ICs) of IBF in β–cyclodextrin (β–CD) were prepared and added to the hydrogels. The ICs were prepared by the microwave irradiation method, which is more environmentally benign. The formation of IC was confirmed by various analytical techniques and the synthesized hydrogels were also characterized. Controlled release of drug was achieved from the hydrogels containing the ICs in comparison to the rapid release from hydrogels containing free IBF. The preliminary kinetic analysis emphasized the crucial role of β–CD in the drug release process that in-fluences the polymer relaxation, thereby leading to prolonged release. The cytotoxicity assay validated the hydrogels as non-toxic in nature and hence can be utilized for controlled delivery of IBF.
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Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by both local and systemic inflammatory responses. This study was designed to develop a site-specific delivery strategy for SAP therapy using celastrol (CLT). First, murine RAW264.7 cells were used as a model of macrophage cell line, cell membranes were obtained by emptying intracellular contents via hypotonic lysing, mechanical membrane disruption, and differential centrifugation. Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were then prepared by sonication. With the collected membrane materials, macrophage membrane coated PEG-PLGA NPs (RNPs) were then prepared by extrusion through a 400 nm polycarbonate membrane. Biodistribution study in rats with SAP showed RNPs selectively accumulated in the inflamed pancreatic tissues. Compared with CLT loaded NPs, CLT loaded RNPs were proven to effectively attenuate local pancreatic inflammation and systemic inflammation in rats with SAP.
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OBJECTIVE: To develop a solvent desorption-gas chromatography method for detecting ethylene glycol monopropyl ether( EGME) in workplace air. METHODS: EGME in workplace air was captured by charcoal tubes and desorbed by methanol-methylene chloride(5∶ 95,V/V),separated by capillary chromatographic column,and detected by flame ionization detector. RESULTS: The good linear range of EGME was 1. 37-1 913. 80 mg/L,and the correlation coefficient was 0. 999 90. The detection limit was 0. 06 mg/L. The minimum detectable concentration was 0. 02 mg/m3.The average desorption efficiency was 97. 81%-104. 70%. The within-run relative standard deviation( RSD) was 1. 94%-2. 99%,and the between-run RSD was 3. 24%-4. 53%. The samples could be stored at room temperature for at least 14 days. CONCLUSION: This method could be used for detection of EGME in workplace air.
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Resumen La intoxicación por etilenglicol es una urgencia médica y debe ser tratada como tal. El diagnóstico puede efectuarse con la existencia de acidosis metabólica con brecha aniónica amplia, aumento de la osmolaridad sérica, cristaluria de monohidrato de oxalato de calcio y lesión renal aguda. Cursa con tres fases bien definidas, aunque algunos autores consideran una cuarta. Puede prescribirse etanol oral asociado con hemodiálisis en los sitios donde no hay disponibilidad de fomepizol o de etanol para administración parenteral.
Abstract Ethylene glycol poisoning is a medical urgency and must be treated as so. Diagnosis can be achieved by metabolic acidosis with the pres ence of a wide anion gap, increase in serum osmalarity, cristalluria of calcium oxalate monohidrate and acute renal failure. It courses with three defined phases, although some authors identify a fourth phase. Ethanol can be used, associated to hemodyalisis, in the places where there is not availability for fomepizole or ethanol of parenteral administration.
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To improve the sensitivity of molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors, a Pd nanoparticles-modified molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film for the determination of trimethoprim (TMP) was developed by thermal polymerization with N, N′-methylene diacrylamide as a functional monomer, Pd nanoparticle as a dopant and ethylene glycol maleic rosinate acrylate as a crosslinking agent.The morphologies and chemical structures of the Pd nano-materials and the imprinted films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively.The electrochemical properties of the nano-doped and undoped MIP sensors were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.Results showed that the morphologies and chemical structures and the electrochemical properties of the doped molecularly imprinted sensor were remarkably different from those of the undoped imprinted sensor.Linear responses of the imprinted sensor to TMP were observed for concentrations ranging from 5.0×10-7 mol/L to 4.0×10-3 mol/L (R=0.9995), with a detection limit of 3.2×10-8 mol/L (S/N=3).The Pd nanoparticle doped MIP sensors exhibited high selectivity.The chronoamperometry showed that no interference from potential interfering species such as sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, glucose, and urea were noted.The proposed electrochemical sensor was used to determine TMP in actual samples, with average recoveries of 96.8%-102.0%.
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Ethylene glycol is a widely used and readily available substance. Ethylene glycol ingestion does not cause direct toxicity; however, its metabolites are highly toxic and can be fatal even in trace amounts. Poisoning is best diagnosed through inquiry, but as an impaired state of consciousness is observed in most cases, poisoning must be suspected when a significantly elevated osmolar gap or high anion gap metabolic acidosis is found in blood tests. Hemodialysis and alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors such as ethanol and fomepizole are a part of the basic treatment, and timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial because any delays can lead to death. However, there are few reported cases in Korea, and no report on the use of fomepizole. Herein, we report a case of acute renal failure caused by ethylene glycol poisoning that was treated with fomepizole and hemodialysis and present a literature review.
Subject(s)
Acid-Base Equilibrium , Acidosis , Acute Kidney Injury , Alcohol Dehydrogenase , Consciousness , Diagnosis , Eating , Ethanol , Ethylene Glycol , Hematologic Tests , Korea , Poisoning , Renal Dialysis , Renal Replacement TherapyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Extracorporeal treatment has been used increasingly to treat patients with acute ethylene glycol poisoning. We analyzed all patients with acute poisoning of ethylene glycol during a recent 10-year period to provide clinical recommendations for adequate application of continuous renal replacement therapy for these patients. METHODS: A retrospective chart review study was conducted for patients whose final diagnosis were “toxic effects of glycols or other alcohols,” between October 2006 and September 2016. The basal characteristics of patients, suspected amount of ingestion, intention of poisoning, concomitant alcohol ingestion, mental state at admission, time from exposure to admission, chief complaint, length of hospital stay, method of treatments, laboratory results including acute kidney injury and urine oxalate crystal, as well as treatment results were examined. RESULTS: A total number of 14 patients were included in this study. Nine patients (64.3%) underwent continuous renal replacement therapy; 5 patients (35.7%) underwent ethanol mono-therapy. Between the antidote therapy group and the extracorporeal treatment group, there was a significant difference in the levels of plasma bicarbonate, chloride, anion gap, pH, and base excess in arterial blood gas analysis, as well as the calculated osmolar gap. One patient expired due to multi-organ failure, while the others recovered completely. CONCLUSION: Continuous renal replacement therapy was most frequently chosen as a treatment method in patients with acute ethylene glycol poisoning. Further research regarding indication of continuous renal replacement therapy and combing therapy with other treatment will be necessary to determine the best treatment method.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Acid-Base Equilibrium , Acute Kidney Injury , Blood Gas Analysis , Comb and Wattles , Diagnosis , Eating , Ethanol , Ethylene Glycol , Glycols , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Intention , Length of Stay , Methods , Plasma , Poisoning , Renal Replacement Therapy , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies on the hematologic toxicity of ethylene glycol ethers in humans are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between exposure to solvents (containing 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol) and hematological effects. METHODS: Thirty-four screen-printing workers who were exposed to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol and 37 non-exposed clerical workers were selected using data from the health care facilities that provided regular health screening services. Student's t-tests and Pearson's chi-square tests were used to compare differences in hematological parameters between the exposed and the control groups. A multivariate analysis was performed using the multiple logistic regression models to adjust for other variables. RESULTS: The chi-square test showed the reticulocyte percentages and corrected reticulocyte counts to be significantly higher in the exposed group. The t-tests showed a significant increase in white blood cell counts, reticulocyte percentages, and corrected reticulocyte count (i.e., reticulocyte index) in the exposed group, with p-values of 0.002, 0.004, and 0.002, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the odds ratio for the corrected reticulocyte counts to be 16.30 for the exposed group, when compared with that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to 2-butoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol was significantly associated with reticulocytosis, necessitating the implementation of preventive measures for workers prone to occupational exposure to ethylene glycol ethers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Clergy , Delivery of Health Care , Ether , Ethers , Ethylene Glycol , Leukocyte Count , Logistic Models , Mass Screening , Multivariate Analysis , Occupational Exposure , Odds Ratio , Reticulocyte Count , Reticulocytes , Reticulocytosis , SolventsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and adverse effect of fomepizole in the management of acute ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning in children. METHODS: Databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and KoreaMed were searched using terms related to fomepizole, ethylene glycol, methanol and pediatric. All studies, regardless of study design, reporting effectiveness or safety endpoints in children were included. Reference citations from identified publications were reviewed. Only reports written in English or Korean languages were included. The reference search was performed by two authors. RESULTS: Twenty-two relevant literatures were finally included. They were one narrative review, 4 retrospective case series, and 17 case reports (19 cases). Case reports were classified as 5 fomepizole only, 8 fomepizole with other therapies, and 6 no fomepizole. All patients from the literatures were fully recovered without long term sequelae. Adverse effects of fomepizole were reported including anaphylaxis, thrombophlebitis and nystagmus. CONCLUSION: There are insufficient literatures regarding fomepizole treatment in children with ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning. The benefits or harms are not clearly established based on the clinical evidences. More prospective comparative studies are required in the future.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Anaphylaxis , Ethylene Glycol , Methanol , Pediatrics , Poisoning , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , ThrombophlebitisABSTRACT
In this study, we used Shirasu porous glass membrane (SPG) as a template and hydroxy camptothecin (HCPT) as a model drug to prepare the comet-shaped MePEG[methoxyl poly(ethylene glycol)]-PLGA[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-HCPT amphiphilic block copolymer. Our method was optimized by the orthogonal design method. The partical size, zeta potential, drug-loaded content, yield, shape and status of the obtained comet-shaped MePEG-PLGA-HCPT particles were further characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) et al, respectively. In vitro release was preliminary evaluated. MTT assay to preliminary evaluate the cytotoxicity of particles against human liver BEL-7402 cells. Based on these experimental results, the optimal preparation conditions contain:weight ratio of HCPT to MePEG-PLGA was 1:1, nitrogen pressure was 100 kPa and SPG membrane pore size was 1.1 μm. The particles exhibited a comet-shaped shape, fairly uniform size and were well dispersed. The drug-loading content was 46.2%, with yield of 96.4%, and zeta -31.4 mV. The distribution of HCPT in particles was very uniform, and HCPT showed a amorphous state existed in particles. The release behavior in vitro showed sustained releasing,and with the drug loading content in proportion to the release of the drug. MTT test indicated that the HCPT-loaded comet-shaped particles had enhanced the cytotoxicity against human liver BEL-7402 cells relatively to the HCPT-loaded spherical particles in vitro. The results showed a promising potential application of the preparation in clinical treatment of tumor.